Read What Are Oxford Commas First!

Read the other essay first! This will not make sense, which is the point of it. You would understand that if you read the other essay first. I need to fill up more space so you don't see the article. Not like it's a secret, it would just be confusing.

Imagine Infinity

Think of infinity. Just think of it. Imagine infinity. Never ending vastness. An emptiness stretching on leaving nothing behind. Or is it being caged in? Crumpled? Is it closing in? Nope that isn’t infinity. You can understand it you can realize it but you cannot imagine it. Which is why I love this concept. We may never learn much but I’d love to spend my time trying.

“Infinity” is such a common word. I bet this isn’t the first time you’ve heard it today but have you thought about it today? We’ve been studying infinity since we’ve had the mental capacity for it yet we know so little. We know it goes on forever and there are several forms some possible some the opposite. Mathematical infinity exists. On the other hand physical infinity most definitely does not. And we don’t know a lot about either. So little is proven so much rests in uncertainty. We can’t create it in a lab to test or research it in whatever it’s natural habitat might be. We have to imagine it or at least try.

Conceptualize Infinity

Maybe you can’t imagine or visualize infinity neither can I as hard as I try. Instead picture a hotel with an infinite amount of hotel rooms. This is a classic and probably the most common example of infinity. Hotel rooms are filled up as far as the eye can see reaching to the farthest corners of the sky sprawling across the universe. Say a large group of people come to reserve a room. You can’t have them go to the top for a room. But you can have each guest move up. Say you have 35 new customers so you have everyone move to their room plus 35 and assign the new thirtyfive a room. Then no one has to listen to never-ending three chord elevator music. To see a more detailed example I suggest the TedEd by Jeff Dekofsky titled the “Infinite Hotel Paradox”. He gives examples of infinite numbers of cars with infinite numbers of passengers requesting a room.

Distinguish Infinity

I gave the example of mathematical infinity so let’s start with that. It is almost an oxymoron the concrete rules of mathematics meeting immense infinity. There are numerous types but I am biased towards math because as we have established I am a nerd. Say we are graphing exponential functions meaning graphing a curve. If the curve is going towards the x-axis it will never be able to reach. We have a base number also known as the y-intercept multiplied by a decimal at every interval. Meaning it will continue to infinity. Because it will never reach the x-axis as the amount it curves by that gets smaller constantly as seen below. One reason you can’t imagine infinity is because physical infinity by definition doesn’t exist. Thus we can’t see infinity. By this I mean you can’t hold anything of which there is an infinite amount of. At least not literally. Figuratively you hold an infinite amount of options. I have an infinite amount of ways to write this essay. You have an infinite amount of possibilities for actions right now. For example you could get up walk in a circle do ten jumping jacks and stand on your head. You could also do an infinite list of other things.

For example try this at home. Stand somewhere in a room directly facing a wall. Then take a step and with the next step go half the distance of the previous step and continue on. The graph demonstrates your distance to the wall. Spoiler alert: you will never reach the other wall.

Theorize Infinity

Space our miraculous cluster of dust appears to be growing marginally in size. Constant fluctuations are surrounding us. As much as I´d like to think otherwise nothing we know or we will ever know will be stable. Our universe is constantly amplifying and deflating. To learn more about this and how it’s proven I suggest the article The Multiverse Is Inevitable And We're Living In It by Ethan Siegel on Forbes.com. I find it to be complicated but has extremely helpful graphics. With a couple sessions of rereading it will make complete sense.

Next I would like to address that the multiverse is not a theory. Theories answer questions. Therefore this is a theoretical prediction. There is an infinite amount of ways to interpret the multiverse theory. There is the basic acknowledgment that we have evidence that we aren’t in the only universe. Our universe has been cooling since the big bang. The explosion that had too much vivid color. Too many fiery explosions to handle sound our earthly civilian words cannot describe the ungodly explosion of existence as we know it. A silent action movie of every villain´s plans executed in unison void of sound. Savoring rubber scent hanging in the air. Like a million balloons popping and exposing their scent. Yet the temperature is the same throughout space so it can’t be the only thing cooling. Meaning there have been other big bangs out there. If our universe popped into existence. Why couldn’t others?

There is also what is the science fiction version in my opinion. Some people believe that every action you have creates an infinite amount of new universes. In those new universes every action creates an infinite amount of universes. As I said earlier every option you face has an infinite amount of possible actions or solutions. Followers believe that every possible action plays out in a universe. Meaning we will have an infinite amount of universes. Those examples are very extreme so people subscribe to any theory in between as well. We have no clear evidence of this. Then again how could we?

Review Infinity

There are so many ways to view or rather not view infinity. Even the experts can’t imagine infinity. So instead spend your time imagining something much more practical. Maybe something productive or instead imagine me sitting here typing about the boundless infinity of infinity with my cat. Using an entirely non-infinite dust ridden Stephen Hawking book tattered edges sticking together each turn forcing me to inhale a cloud of stale book dust to portray infinity. Or perhaps you would like to attempt imagining infinity good luck.

Someone had to discover everything we know about math and science. We can’t truly know pi. For example someone had to discover pi. Someone had to find the ratio between the circumference and the diameter. Many people had to discover digits of pi. It is quite literally impossible to know pi. All those websites telling you millions of digits are a lie I mean how could they be correct? To understand this first we’ll need to understand what pi is.

Pi is an irrational number. That means it goes on forever randomly. By randomly I mean the numbers aren’t in a pattern and they won’t repeat. There might be small repetitions but they won’t repeat indefinitely.

Obviously pi is an irrational number that is the number of times the diameter of a circle goes around the perimeter. To break that down the length across the circle on a line of symmetry (where you could fold it in half perfectly) is a little more than one-third of the circumference (the length around the circle.)

For example try this at home. There are a few ways to start this project it may seem simple to draw a circle but be careful. You could trace around something but that might be risky. You could use a compass (the math one or the non-math one for tracing) or a protractor. Once you have completed that step takes a piece of string and make it the length of the diameter (across the circle intersecting the midpoint.) Then take that string and wrap it around the circle. It should go around a little more than three times around. This is because as you know pi is 3.14… which is a little more than three times. That is the relation between diameter to the circumference.

Now that we know what pi is we can inspect the prospect of someone discovering pi. While researching this I discovered the history is a lot more complicated than expected. This ground-breaking discovery was found by multiple civilizations long before sharing information between civilizations was easy. But none were quite right.

The first culture to recognize pi at least in writing was the Egyptians. In 1650 B.C they defined pi in a fraction (16/9)2 or for comparison that is approximately 3.1605 or .0190... off. Then debatably came Babylon with 25/8 or .0165... off. Then Shulba sutras the Hebrew Bible Archimedes (from Greek history) and Ptolemy (the guy from the Rosetta stone) that’s just in the B.C’s. Archimedes was even correct to the 99th percentile.

So the next question is how how does someone discover something that doesn’t physically exist? The earliest way was to have two squares. One was outside the circle someone was trying to measure and the perimeter is 4. The other square is on its corner like a rhombus but a perfect square and the perimeter is 2.8 so the earliest decision was that pi is directly in the middle 3.4. Soon people started doing the same thing with other shapes that were more curved and our guesses improved significantly. Soon some developed a formula to continually improve it. To learn more about the formula I suggest the article Prehistoric Calculus: Discovering Pi by better explained it is extremely in-depth and well explained. The equation basically functions so the sides will multiply and if you use that equation 524288 times you have a 100% accurate number.

But is there an 100% accurate number for pi? This is where I disagree with the essay I previously mentioned. Pi goes on forever and we can’t understand or calculate infinity. For reference read my previous article What Is Infinity: Imagine Infinity. If it goes on forever how can we know all the digits of pi? Humans don’t have the mental capacity to calculate or withhold an infinite amount of digits. Pi isn’t perfect. No website can perfectly calculate a million digits of pi no matter what they may claim. We aren’t perfect either. Our mental capacity certainly isn’t otherwise we would be able to store an infinite amount of digits. Although that theoretically isn’t possible at all. Not even cats are perfect so maybe we are pretty similar to pi after all we went through all that trouble to discover it.

What a ridiculous question. So was the question “Does gravity travel in waves?” “How does color work?”. Maybe this question will be a legacy of the soon-to-be-greats. I can prove that cats are fractals or at least the shape of a cat is. First of all what are fractals?

Fractals are something found in nature. It is a mathematical term for something that you could “zoom in” on forever. Part of this design is the exact same as the whole including itself. Imagine a snowflake snowflakes often have points that are a fractal. If you look at the end of a snowflake you’ll see a whole snowflake if you look at the end you’ll see the whole snowflake over and over again. If you’re still confused about what fractals are I suggest the article What Are Fractals? By Fractal Foundation. So your paper snowflake will never be accurate. I guess you could make it close if you spent a lot of time but what second grader knows what a fractal is anyway?

So why am I asking about cats? Really I could use any noun but I like cats. Obviously on a cats tail there isn’t a replica kitten. But if you look close enough isn’t every shape in something solid? For example take a piece of paper. Look at that paper. You could draw any shape with an outline so that shape is there.

So here’s my idea every shape is in a piece of hair if you zoom in enough every shape is there. Therefore the exact shape of a cat is there. In that cat the shape is there again making it a fractal. Although it would technically end. Or would it? Atoms still have matter even protons neutrons and electrons have matter. Therefore there is a shape to be found. One day we might find out even more about atoms. Mass cannot end if you choose a spot and look closer and closer at it forever it won't stop. Thus cats go on forever and there is always a smaller shape to be found.

Can everything be a fractal? The simple answer is yes. We are talking about nouns the word noun can encompass everything that the word fractal encompasses. Like real numbers and rational numbers. Learn more about those numbers in my previous essay What Is Pi: Discovering Pi.

Now that we’ve established that who can I take up my issue with? Apparently it was Benoît Mandelbrot who put it into words. He is a Polish-born French-American mathematician who developed a lot of the mathematical advancements in the 20th century. Also according to himself is an economist polymath specialist a physicist and an artist. Basically he’s a super genius. You know what look at the time.

So cats are fractals. But who cares? I don’t suggest you try to look at your cat close enough to test this. This article directly contradicts my article What Is Infinity: Imagine Infinity where I explained that physical infinity doesn’t exist. Whereas here I said that matter never ends you can keep zooming in. Maybe that's the spirit of math I don’t know which is correct and I don’t intend to try to figure it out.

Let me be clear the discovers and curators of the elements are geniuses and they deserve recognition for their amazing improvements in their field. But as science advances there may be something new discovered. Science is constantly advancing that’s the only thing constant about science. First as always we’ll need to do some personal discovery to learn about past and future discoveries that is to say we’ll need to understand what the periodic table is.

Also known as the table of elements among other names it is the way we organize what makes everything. First we’ll need to know what everything is. Atoms are structures of protons neutrons and electrons in varying quantities. Depending on the quantity you get different elements. For example hydrogen has one electron and one proton. We now organize these elements by the quantity of their electrons and protons respectively. This is usually known as their atomic weight.

You may know the story of the man who decided upon this system the father of the periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev. This poor boy youngest of seventeen of which fourteen survived into adulthood Dmitri’s family couldn’t afford to pay for him to go to college also it might’ve been helpful if both his parents were alive to afford something. At the age of thirteen his father recently blind passed away. This forced his mother to work in a factory soon destroyed in a fire. His mother fought to get Dmitri a higher education yet he was rejected. He married became a professor won academic awards literally obsessed over a woman and much more. In 1863 he came up with the idea we now use for a periodic table. His findings weren’t recognized until 1887. Others had similar ideas but his was the only one that predicted new elements. He predicted elements like geranium based on the periodicity of elements.

The periodic table has been through quite a few phases. There started out with four elements. Then we had fixed air now known as oxygen. With trial and error we had 33 elements. In another part of the world soon we had 28. When Dmitri Mendeleev began to sort them he had 56 to work with. Finally someone decided on 66 elements sorted by weight. Somehow we now have 118 elements.

That seems so historic discovering elements. Using paper and pencil for sketch after sketch of sorting techniques. The most recent discovery was extremely recent. It’s debatable when the most recent element was discovered. Some claim element 118 was discovered as recently as 2016. According to NPR element number 118 was at least named in 2016. It is difficult to pin down an exact day of a discovery even an exact year. As we tend to focus on the same thing in different parts of the world discoveries are made multiple times. It’s also hard to be positive on something the first time you gain notice of it. We need replication studies to be able to accept findings like this. My point is these discoveries are happening they have happened but are still happening.

We tend to think of most everything we learn as set in stone. This is mainly because of confirmation bias. For example if it’s been a few years since you were in junior high science you might not have even known there are 118 elements. So maybe in ten years I’ll find out that there are 123.

So if we intend to discover more elements we’ll probably need to know how the originators did it. Turns out it was Hennig Brand was the first who discovered phosphorus. He was extremely secretive about his process but he obtained it through urine. Gosh darn it guess I don’t get to examine urine.

A lot of elements were discovered by accident. As you can’t predict an accident we’ll have to move on. Another way is to predict the groups like William Ramsay. William Ramsay predicted groups seven and one which are now known as noble gases. He used this information to inform his discovery process. Utilizing this information he discovered a lot of the noble gases today. But alas even he was extremely cautious in hiding the ways in which he discovered elements.

Here’s where we can come in. If an 118th element was discovered why can’t an 119th discovery be on it’s way? So how do we predict elements? Here’s my hypothesis: we look at the groups and that’s about it. All we have to do is observe the groups and their common traits like Dmitri Mendeleev. Because of the numeral aspect of the elements if we find one that doesn’t have an atomic weight (the amount of electrons or protons) of 119 we’ll be making a lot more discoveries. For example we discovered element #116 livermorium and element #114 flerovium when we only had 112 elements leading us to discover two elements much easier. It still did take five years. Searching for those two elements helped us to discover elements #117 and #118 as well.

That’s the true beauty of science. It’s change. It wouldn’t be nearly as fun if our discoveries never changed. Imagine if we couldn’t do repeat studies or even a study on the same subject. We could make new discoveries but we couldn’t improve old ones. We couldn’t have cars just carts. We’d have to ride in the Wright brothers plane I hope you weren’t planning on going out of city. Or out of the field you took off in. Who knows maybe we’ll discover that the table of elements was completely wrong. Maybe this article will be laughable someday. All we can do right now is look towards the future with hope behind us with fondness and keep searching to advance everything we know to be set in stone.

I’m not talking about those fake and expensive hoverboards you know the ones that blow up. I’m talking about Back To The Future magic. Meet the Flintstones wizardry. Wildest dreams flying through the sky hoverboards. But with science. So again we’ll have to know how a hoverboard might work.

First we need to know a little more about magnets. Each magnet has a north and south pole each north pole will attract to a south pole and vise versa. Therefore they repel each other when they try to put north or south sides together. This happens because of magnetic fields caused by half shell electrons which is a different essay. Magnetic atoms are most atoms. When these “magnetic” atoms find that uses less energy to a line a certain way it creates a magnetic substance that has a magnetic field. They have to align based on their magnetic fields north poles corresponding with south poles. Thus when a magnet comes in contact with a magnetic field from the same type of pole they repel each other that are strong enough to overcome the forces of gravity. This action creates a floating barrel magnet or a force you can feel.

At first I didn’t have a barrel magnet so I assumed using multiple small rectangular prisms would work because the north pole is always opposite the south pole; so if the north and south poles are together the same pole will be down so it will repel. The problem is there isn’t enough surface area to account for the extra wait. There is also the issue of it being a rectangular prism so the other sides are attracted to the sides of the magnet repelling. I also basically did this project with no directions so at first I planned to use my second example as a barrel magnet and almost went through with it when I realised the sides have their own poles and the cardboard would just pivot and connect that way. In the end you read what I decided on.

So if it is so easy to use this technology why hasn’t anyone? Well someone has. During my research I stumbled on the Hendo Hover company and their parent company Arx Pax. I was immediately intrigued by Hendo because they seemed very personable they had family portrait-style picture of their employees. There were pictures of the co-owners Greg and Jill Henderson hence the name Hendo. Then I found a “contact us” page so I had to at least try to talk to some intern or computer automated message.

So I sent a message saying “I'm demonstrating a homemade hoverboard and sharing how your company and hoverboards in general can make a difference. I have a few questions. If you feel inclined to answer it would be greatly appreciated. “ I didn’t really expect an answer especially not the one I got. It was a personable not computer automated message from Jill Henderson herself! Saying “we are focused on our mission and why we started Arx Pax: To save lives protect communities & property from floods earthquakes and rising sea levels with our patented SAFE Foundation System (Self Adjusting Floating Environment).” I was thrilled when she responded and was so interested in me and my project.

Hendo is an amazing company as she said while they did patent a “magnetic field architecture” which is extremely marvelous in the ways they are expand the horizons of our reality especially through their optimistic worldview and how they plan to improve our current world. Even that is based on their previously mentioned SAFE Foundation System. An entirely other innovative and genius piece of technology that doesn’t apply here no matter how much I would love to explain how for lack of a better term but seeing as there is no word as far as I know to describe innovative genius and optimistic this technology and company are.

You may be wondering about the real implications. So far we have those train things. But there is another type of hoverboard to explore. Air-pressure. So I built one of those too. You can see how to build your own down below. The hovercraft has a main body or craft if you will of plywood the dimensions of the wood is four feet by four feet with a width if one-half inch. The main reason the hoverboard actually hovers is that of the skirt which needs to be securely fashioned by many things. I used a shop-vac piece that blows out air to inflate the skirt and when there is enough air-pressure it makes the board rise until its inflated enough to carry weight. Air pressure is created when Earth's gravity exerts a force on air molecules. The force of gravity causes this air to exert a pressure on the surface. Contrarily when you create enough opposing force you can create a force that is stronger than gravity thus defying gravity.

With this hoverboard we need to test more shapes. It wasn’t very aerodynamic so it moved pretty slowly. It needed to be plugged in I talked to some people who knew of some small generators that could be used. Because of the size it was pretty hard to maneuver I tried a lot of different strategies and you can row if you have something with rubber on the end you can kind of use it like a skateboard and you can have your dog pull you. Also I did try the tennis ball back to the future thing and it didn’t really work.

These hoverboards are important because as our environment is getting more and more polluted by vehicles we need an alternative way to travel. My essay itself can’t solve pollution it can’t even solve car pollution but it can get people especially young people thinking about the future it can call attention to Arx Pax and other like-minded companies. Mostly it can educate me. Even though building my own bike or sk